The Economist, Dec 24th
2016
FOR a certain kind of liberal, 2016 stands as a rebuke. If you believe, as The
Economist does, in open economies and open societies, where the free
exchange of goods, capital, people and ideas is encouraged and where universal
freedoms are protected from state abuse by the rule of law, then this has been
a year of setbacks. Not just over Brexit and the election of Donald Trump, but
also the tragedy of Syria, abandoned to its suffering, and widespread
support—in Hungary, Poland and beyond—for “illiberal democracy”. As
globalisation has become a slur, nationalism, and even authoritarianism, have
flourished. In Turkey relief at the failure of a coup was overtaken by savage
(and popular) reprisals. In the Philippines voters chose a president who not
only deployed death squads but bragged about pulling the trigger. All the while
Russia, which hacked Western democracy, and China, which just last week set out
to taunt America by seizing one of its maritime drones, insist liberalism is
merely a cover for Western expansion.
Faced with this litany, many liberals (of the free-market sort) have lost
their nerve. Some have written epitaphs for the liberal order and issued
warnings about the threat to democracy. Others argue that, with a timid tweak
to immigration law or an extra tariff, life will simply return to normal. That
is not good enough. The bitter harvest of 2016 has not suddenly destroyed
liberalism’s claim to be the best way to confer dignity and bring about
prosperity and equity. Rather than ducking the struggle of ideas, liberals
should relish it.
Mill wheels
In the past quarter-century liberalism has had it too easy. Its dominance
following Soviet communism’s collapse decayed into laziness and complacency.
Amid growing inequality, society’s winners told themselves that they lived in a
meritocracy—and that their success was therefore deserved. The experts recruited
to help run large parts of the economy marvelled at their own brilliance. But
ordinary people often saw wealth as a cover for privilege and expertise as
disguised self-interest.
After so long in charge, liberals, of all people, should have seen the
backlash coming. As a set of beliefs that emerged at the start of the 19th
century to oppose both the despotism of absolute monarchy and the terror of
revolution, liberalism warns that uninterrupted power corrupts. Privilege
becomes self-perpetuating. Consensus stifles creativity and initiative. In an
ever-shifting world, dispute and argument are not just inevitable; they are
welcome because they lead to renewal.
What is more, liberals have something to offer societies struggling with
change. In the 19th century, as today, old ways were being upended by
relentless technological, economic, social and political forces. People yearned
for order. The illiberal solution was to install someone with sufficient power
to dictate what was best—by slowing change if they were conservative, or
smashing authority if they were revolutionary. You can hear echoes of that in
calls to “take back control”, as well as in the mouths of autocrats who,
summoning an angry nationalism, promise to hold back the cosmopolitan tide.
Liberals came up with a different answer. Rather than being concentrated,
power should be dispersed, using the rule of law, political parties and
competitive markets. Rather than putting citizens at the service of a mighty,
protecting state, liberalism sees individuals as uniquely able to choose what
is best for themselves. Rather than running the world through warfare and
strife, countries should embrace trade and treaties.
Such ideas have imprinted themselves on the West—and, despite Mr Trump’s
flirtation with protectionism, they will probably endure. But only if
liberalism can deal with its other problem: the loss of faith in progress.
Liberals believe that change is welcome because, on the whole, it is for the
better. Sure enough, they can point to how global poverty, life expectancy,
opportunity and peace are all improving, even allowing for strife in the Middle
East. Indeed, for most people on Earth there has never been a better time to be
alive.
Large parts of the West, however, do not see it that way. For them,
progress happens mainly to other people. Wealth does not spread itself, new
technologies destroy jobs that never come back, an underclass is beyond help or
redemption, and other cultures pose a threat—sometimes a violent one.
If it is to thrive, liberalism must have an answer for the pessimists, too.
Yet, during those decades in power, liberals’ solutions have been
underwhelming. In the 19th century liberal reformers met change with universal
education, a vast programme of public works and the first employment rights.
Later, citizens got the vote, health care and a safety net. After the second
world war, America built a global liberal order, using bodies such as the UN
and the IMF to give form to its vision.
Nothing half so ambitious is coming from the West today. That must change.
Liberals must explore the avenues that technology and social needs will open
up. Power could be devolved from the state to cities, which act as laboratories
for fresh policies. Politics might escape sterile partisanship using new forms
of local democracy. The labyrinth of taxation and regulation could be rebuilt
rationally. Society could transform education and work so that “college” is
something you return to over several careers in brand new industries. The
possibilities are as yet unimagined, but a liberal system, in which individual
creativity, preferences and enterprise have full expression, is more likely to
seize them than any other.
The dream of
reason
After 2016, is that dream still possible? Some perspective is in order.
This newspaper believes that Brexit and a Trump presidency are likely to prove
costly and harmful. We are worried about today’s mix of nationalism,
corporatism and popular discontent. However, 2016 also represented a demand for
change. Never forget liberals’ capacity for reinvention. Do not underestimate
the scope for people, including even a Trump administration and post-Brexit
Britain, to think and innovate their way out of trouble. The task is to harness
that restless urge, while defending the tolerance and open-mindedness that are
the foundation stones of a decent, liberal world.
This article appeared in the
Leaders section of the print edition under the headline “The year of living dangerousl”
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21712128-liberals-lost-most-arguments-year-they-should-not-feel-defeated-so-much
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